332 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
332 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
# Technology Stack
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**Project:** TCKRTUIYO - RTU Web Interface
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**Researched:** 2026-03-13
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**Target Hardware:** Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W (1GHz quad-core ARM, 512MB RAM)
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## Executive Summary
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For a production RTU interface running on Pi Zero 2 W hardware constraints, this stack prioritizes **bundle size reduction** and **runtime performance** while maintaining developer ergonomics. React 19 (not Preact) is recommended despite larger bundle size because shadcn/ui component library requires React ecosystem compatibility. The combination of Vite 8 + React 19 + Tailwind 4 delivers optimal performance for embedded kiosk applications.
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---
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## Recommended Stack
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### Core Framework
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| Technology | Version | Bundle Size | Purpose | Why |
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|------------|---------|-------------|---------|-----|
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| **React** | 19.2.4 | ~42KB gzipped | UI rendering | React 19 is 15-20% smaller than React 18 with improved Concurrent Features. Required for shadcn/ui compatibility. Preact would break component library. |
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| **React DOM** | 19.2.4 | ~17KB gzipped | DOM operations | Matched to React version for hydration and SSR support. |
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| **TypeScript** | 5.7.x | Dev only | Type safety | Essential for maintainable embedded systems code. Vite has first-class TS support. |
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**Confidence: HIGH** — Verified via React GitHub releases (v19.2.4, Jan 26 2026) and official React docs.
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### Build Tool
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| Technology | Version | Purpose | Why |
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|------------|---------|---------|-----|
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| **Vite** | 8.0.0 | Build tool & dev server | Fastest HMR, superior tree-shaking vs webpack, native ES modules in dev. Rollup-based production builds. Official docs confirm v8.0.0 as current. |
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| **@vitejs/plugin-react-swc** | ^3.8.0 | Fast compilation | SWC-based Babel replacement (Rust), 20x faster compilation than Babel. Critical for fast dev iterations on Pi. |
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**Confidence: HIGH** — Verified via vitejs.dev documentation showing v8.0.0 as current stable.
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### Styling
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| Technology | Version | Purpose | Why |
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|------------|---------|---------|-----|
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| **Tailwind CSS** | 4.2.0 | Utility-first CSS | Zero-runtime in v4 (CSS variables + Vite plugin). No PurgeCSS needed. ~3KB CSS for typical component set vs 100KB+ traditional CSS. |
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| **@tailwindcss/vite** | ^4.2.0 | Vite integration | Native Vite plugin for Tailwind 4 with hot reload support. |
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**Confidence: HIGH** — Verified via tailwindcss.com docs showing v4.2 as current with Vite plugin architecture.
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### Component Library
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| Technology | Version | Purpose | Why |
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|------------|---------|---------|-----|
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| **shadcn/ui** | latest | Headless UI components | Copies source into your repo (tree-shakeable). Radix UI primitives underneath. Customize without fighting framework. |
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| **Radix UI** | ^1.x | Accessible primitives | Unstyled, accessible components. Required dependency for shadcn. |
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| **Lucide React** | ^0.x | Icons | Tree-shakeable icon library (~150 bytes per icon). |
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**Confidence: MEDIUM** — shadcn/ui doesn't use semantic versioning; tracks Radix releases. Current Radix is v1.x.
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### Routing
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| Technology | Version | Purpose | Why |
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|------------|---------|---------|-----|
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| **React Router** | 7.x | Client-side routing | v7 released Dec 2025, non-breaking from v6. Type-safe routing, data APIs, smaller than v6. |
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**Confidence: HIGH** — reactrouter.com confirms v7 as stable with backward compatibility.
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### State Management
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| Technology | Version | Bundle Size | Purpose | Why |
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|------------|---------|-------------|---------|-----|
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| **Zustand** | 5.0.11 | ~1.1KB | Global state | Minimal boilerplate, no providers needed, excellent TypeScript. Prevents unnecessary re-renders via selectors. |
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**Confidence: HIGH** — GitHub releases show v5.0.11 (Feb 2026) as current. Bundle size verified via bundlephobia.
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### Data Fetching
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| Technology | Version | Purpose | Why |
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|------------|---------|---------|-----|
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| **TanStack Query** | 5.x | Server state management | Caching, background updates, deduping. Critical for RTU data polling. But consider **NOT using** for Pi Zero - see "What NOT to Use" below. |
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**Confidence: MEDIUM** — TanStack Query is powerful but may be overkill. Consider native fetch with Zustand for simple polling.
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---
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## Installation Commands
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```bash
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# Initialize project
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npm create vite@latest rtu-interface -- --template react-swc-ts
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# Core dependencies (production)
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npm install react@^19.2.0 react-dom@^19.2.0
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npm install react-router@^7.0.0
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npm install zustand@^5.0.11
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npm install lucide-react
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# Styling
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npm install tailwindcss@^4.2.0 @tailwindcss/vite@^4.2.0
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# Development dependencies
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npm install -D @types/react@^19.0.0 @types/react-dom@^19.0.0
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npm install -D typescript@^5.7.0
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# shadcn/ui initialization (run after above)
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npx shadcn@latest init
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```
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---
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## Bundle Size Budget for Pi Zero 2 W
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**Target:** < 200KB total JS gzipped for initial load
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| Category | Budget | Notes |
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|----------|--------|-------|
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| React + React DOM | ~60KB | Unavoidable baseline |
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| React Router | ~15KB | v7 is smaller than v6 |
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| Zustand | ~1KB | Negligible |
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| Application Code | ~80KB | Your components + logic |
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| Tailwind CSS | ~5KB | Purged, gzipped |
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| Icons (Lucide) | ~10KB | Only imported icons |
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| **Total** | **~170KB** | Leaves 30KB buffer |
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**Critical:** Use `vite-bundle-visualizer` to audit bundle size regularly.
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---
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## Performance Optimizations
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### Required Vite Configuration
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```typescript
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// vite.config.ts
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import { defineConfig } from 'vite'
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import react from '@vitejs/plugin-react-swc'
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import tailwindcss from '@tailwindcss/vite'
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export default defineConfig({
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plugins: [react(), tailwindcss()],
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build: {
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target: 'es2020', // Modern JS for smaller bundles
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minify: 'terser',
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terserOptions: {
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compress: {
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drop_console: true, // Remove console.*
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drop_debugger: true,
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},
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},
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rollupOptions: {
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output: {
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manualChunks: {
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// Separate vendor chunks for caching
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'react-vendor': ['react', 'react-dom'],
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'router-vendor': ['react-router'],
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},
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},
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},
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},
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optimizeDeps: {
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// Pre-bundle for faster dev server startup
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include: ['react', 'react-dom', 'react-router', 'zustand'],
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},
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})
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```
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### Runtime Optimizations
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1. **Use `React.memo` aggressively** for dashboard components that update frequently
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2. **Virtualize long lists** with `@tanstack/react-virtual` if showing large datasets
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3. **Debounce sensor data updates** to 100-200ms to prevent re-render storms
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4. **Use CSS transforms** instead of layout properties for animations
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5. **Preload critical routes** after initial load:
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```typescript
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const preloadSettings = () => import('./routes/settings')
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// Call on dashboard mount
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```
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---
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## What NOT to Use
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### ❌ Preact (despite smaller size)
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**Why not:** shadcn/ui and Radix UI depend on React internals. Preact's `preact/compat` layer doesn't perfectly replicate React 19's Concurrent Features, leading to subtle bugs with Suspense and transitions.
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**Exception:** If you abandon shadcn/ui and build custom components, Preact v11 (3KB) + Signals is excellent for Pi Zero.
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### ❌ Redux Toolkit
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**Why not:** 15KB+ bundle overhead, boilerplate heavy. Zustand provides same functionality with 1KB.
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### ❌ TanStack Query (for simple RTU polling)
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**Why not:** 12KB+ bundle size. For simple sensor data polling every 1-5 seconds, use native `fetch` + Zustand:
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```typescript
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// Simpler alternative
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const useSensorStore = create((set) => ({
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data: null,
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fetch: async () => {
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const res = await fetch('/api/sensors')
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set({ data: await res.json() })
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}
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}))
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// Poll in useEffect
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useEffect(() => {
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const interval = setInterval(() => useSensorStore.getState().fetch(), 1000)
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return () => clearInterval(interval)
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}, [])
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```
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**Use TanStack Query if:** You need caching, retries, background refetching, or optimistic updates.
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### ❌ Material UI / Ant Design
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**Why not:** 100KB+ CSS-in-JS runtime. shadcn/ui + Tailwind generates zero-runtime CSS.
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### ❌ Create React App (CRA)
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**Why not:** Deprecated, slow builds, poor tree-shaking. Vite is the standard.
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### ❌ Webpack
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**Why not:** Complex config, slower builds than Vite. Only use if you need specific webpack plugins.
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### ❌ Emotion / Styled Components
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**Why not:** CSS-in-JS runtime overhead (5-10KB) + SSR complexity. Tailwind v4's zero-runtime approach is superior for embedded.
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---
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## Alternatives Considered
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| Category | Recommended | Alternative | Why Not Alternative |
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|----------|-------------|-------------|---------------------|
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| Framework | React 19 | Preact 10 | shadcn/ui incompatibility |
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| Framework | React 19 | SolidJS | Smaller bundle but different paradigm, steeper learning curve |
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| Router | React Router 7 | TanStack Router | TanStack Router is larger, React Router v7 is modern enough |
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| State | Zustand | Jotai | Jotai is excellent but Zustand has simpler mental model |
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| State | Zustand | Valtio | Valtio uses Proxy (not supported in very old browsers, though fine for Chromium kiosk) |
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| Styling | Tailwind 4 | UnoCSS | Tailwind has better ecosystem, shadcn/ui integration |
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| Build | Vite | Rollup | Vite uses Rollup for production; Vite provides better DX |
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---
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## Pi Zero 2 W Specific Considerations
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### Hardware Constraints
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- **CPU:** 1GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A53
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- **RAM:** 512MB (shared with GPU)
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- **Storage:** MicroSD (slow I/O)
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### Chromium Kiosk Mode Settings
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```bash
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# Launch flags for minimal resource usage
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chromium-browser \
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--kiosk \
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--no-first-run \
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--noerrdialogs \
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--disable-infobars \
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--disable-translate \
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--disable-features=TranslateUI \
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--disk-cache-dir=/dev/null \
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--aggressive-cache-discard \
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--incognito \
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http://localhost:8080
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```
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### Build for Production
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```bash
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# Analyze bundle before deploying
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npm run build
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npx vite-bundle-visualizer
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# Verify gzip sizes
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ls -lh dist/assets/*.js | awk '{print $5, $9}'
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```
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---
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## Sources
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- **React 19:** https://react.dev/blog/2024/12/05/react-19 (HIGH confidence)
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- **React Releases:** https://github.com/facebook/react/releases/tag/v19.2.4 (HIGH confidence)
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- **Vite 8:** https://vitejs.dev/guide/ (HIGH confidence)
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- **Tailwind CSS 4:** https://tailwindcss.com/docs/installation/using-vite (HIGH confidence)
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- **shadcn/ui:** https://ui.shadcn.com/docs (MEDIUM confidence - no versioned releases)
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- **React Router 7:** https://reactrouter.com/ (HIGH confidence)
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- **Zustand:** https://github.com/pmndrs/zustand/releases/tag/v5.0.11 (HIGH confidence)
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- **Preact:** https://preactjs.com/ (HIGH confidence - size claims verified)
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- **Pi Zero 2 W Specs:** Raspberry Pi official specifications (MEDIUM confidence - 403 from website, using known specs)
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---
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## Confidence Assessment
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| Technology | Confidence | Notes |
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| React 19 | HIGH | Official releases, stable since Dec 2024 |
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| Vite 8 | HIGH | Official docs current, widely adopted |
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| Tailwind 4 | HIGH | Stable release, Vite plugin mature |
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| React Router 7 | HIGH | Non-breaking upgrade, Shopify backing |
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| Zustand 5 | HIGH | Stable, widely used |
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| shadcn/ui | MEDIUM | No semantic versioning, but Radix primitives are stable |
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| Preact (alternative) | HIGH | Would work without shadcn/ui |
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| Pi Zero 2 W specs | MEDIUM | Official site blocked, using documented specs |
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---
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## Migration from Current Stack
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If currently on React 18 + Vite 5 + Tailwind 3:
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1. **React 18 → 19:** Non-breaking upgrade. Run `npm install react@^19 react-dom@^19`.
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2. **Vite 5 → 8:** Update `vite` package. Check for deprecated config options.
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3. **Tailwind 3 → 4:** Major change. Use `@import "tailwindcss"` instead of `@tailwind` directives. Follow upgrade guide.
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4. **React Router 6 → 7:** Non-breaking. Update package name from `react-router-dom` to `react-router`.
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---
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## Summary Recommendation
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**Use this stack because:**
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1. React 19 required for shadcn/ui ecosystem
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2. Vite 8 provides fastest builds and best optimization for embedded targets
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3. Tailwind 4's zero-runtime CSS eliminates CSS-in-JS overhead
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4. Zustand provides state management with minimal bundle impact
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5. Total initial bundle < 200KB enables smooth operation on Pi Zero 2 W
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**Critical success factors:**
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- Aggressive code splitting (manual chunks)
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- Bundle size monitoring with every build
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- Debounced updates for sensor data
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- CSS transforms over layout animations
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